Chronic inflammation plays a central part in the occurrence and sequential development of cancer. It plays a key role in the initiation of tumors, survival, and metastasis as well as therapeutic resistance. The present paper aims to discuss in detail the compact relationship between inflammatory and cancer processes with focus on how inflammatory processes contribute to the development of cancer and its effects on cancer treatment outcomes. We will examine the molecular mechanisms of inflammation-mediated tumor progression, understand how inflammation modulates metastasis and evaluate its impact in chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies efficacy. Additionally, we are going to explore potential future therapy strategies to target inflammation during cancer therapy application, and how this needs to be specifically modulated to not only increase the effectiveness of the treatment process but also reduce any potential side effects of immune suppression or increased levels of infection. The report concludes with a section devoted to future research directions oriented to the improvement of inflammation-targeted methods to increase the effectiveness of cancer treatments and improve patient outcomes. An increased awareness of the dual role of inflammation in cancer potentially leads to the development of novel and more individualized cancer treatment protocols that could be beneficial to survival and quality of life in the disease.