https://www.atjournal.ir/ Advanced Therapies Journal en daily 1 Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.atjournal.ir/article_250910.html Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have significantly reshaped cancer therapy by reactivating antitumor immune mechanisms, leading to sustained clinical responses in a proportion of patients across various malignancies. Nevertheless, their overall therapeutic efficacy is still constrained by several factors, including intrinsic and acquired resistance, relatively low response rates, and the occurrence of immune-related adverse events, all of which limit their broader clinical benefit.. Recent research has therefore focused on integrating ICIs with emerging therapeutic modalities designed to enhance antitumor immunity, overcome resistance mechanisms, and improve patient stratification. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biological principles underlying immune checkpoint blockade and summarizes current clinical evidence supporting combination strategies involving personalized mRNA neoantigen vaccines, bispecific antibodies, adoptive cellular therapies, Strategies involving microbiome-based interventions, artificial intelligence-assisted biomarker identification, and integrated multi-omics approaches have emerged as promising tools for advancing precision medicine and improving therapeutic decision-making. Particular attention is given to the evolving role of precision oncology approaches in identifying predictive biomarkers, distinguishing immunologically “hot” and “cold” tumors, and optimizing patient selection. In addition, the review discusses the management of immune-related toxicities, current clinical guidelines, and the challenges associated with translating innovative immunotherapy combinations into routine clinical practice. Collectively, the evidence suggests that the future of cancer immunotherapy lies in rationally designed, biomarker-guided combination strategies that integrate advanced technologies with immune checkpoint blockade to achieve more durable, personalized, and globally accessible cancer treatments. https://www.atjournal.ir/article_250914.html Neural stem cells (NSCs) represent a promising therapeutic strategy for repairing damaged neural circuits in the central nervous system (CNS). The therapeutic promise of NSCs stems from their dual capacity for sustained self-renewal and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, which collectively support the regeneration of injured neural tissue and the recovery of neurological function. Beyond direct cell replacement, NSCs exert powerful paracrine effects through the secretion of neurotrophic factors, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles that modulate inflammation, enhance neuronal survival, and promote axonal regeneration. Increasing evidence indicates that NSC-mediated immunomodulation plays a central role in shifting the post-injury microenvironment from a neurotoxic to a regenerative state, primarily through regulation of microglial polarization and suppression of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways.In addition, NSCs contribute to neural repair by enhancing synaptic plasticity, supporting remyelination, stabilizing the blood–brain barrier, and facilitating angiogenesis. Accumulating preclinical evidence suggests that both NSC transplantation and the therapeutic application of NSC-derived secretomes lead to significant functional improvement in animal models of spinal cord injury, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. However, clinical translation remains limited by challenges such as poor cell survival, immune rejection, tumorigenic risk, and lack of standardized delivery protocols. Emerging strategies, including gene-edited NSCs, biomaterial scaffolds, and exosome-based cell-free therapies, are being developed to overcome these limitations. Overall, NSCs provide a multifaceted regenerative platform with strong potential for future clinical applications in neurological disorders, although further large-scale clinical studies are essential to validate the long-term safety and efficacy of these therapies. https://www.atjournal.ir/article_250916.html Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising strategy for improving drug delivery in the treatment of fungal and viral infections. Conventional antifungal and antiviral therapies are often limited by poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability, systemic adverse effects, and inadequate delivery to intracellular sites of infection. Nanoscale delivery systems can overcome these limitations by improving drug pharmacokinetics, enhancing tissue-specific distribution, and enabling controlled and sustained drug release. Various nanocarriers, including liposomes, polymeric and lipid-based nanoparticles, dendrimers, and biomimetic nanostructures, have demonstrated considerable potential for increasing therapeutic efficacy. Nanotechnology-based targeting approaches facilitate the preferential delivery of therapeutic agents to infected tissues through active receptor-mediated targeting and passive accumulation associated with inflammation and pathological tissue changes. In fungal infections, nanocarriers can improve drug penetration into biofilms and intracellular fungal niches, thereby enhancing antifungal activity and potentially reducing the development of resistance. In viral infections, nanoparticle-based formulations can enhance intracellular drug delivery, protect antiviral agents from enzymatic degradation, and improve inhibition of viral replication. Stimulus-responsive nanocarriers have further advanced targeted therapy by releasing their payload in response to local physiological conditions, such as changes in pH, enzyme activity, or temperature.The integration of multifunctional nanoplatforms with artificial intelligence-based design may further support the development of personalized nanomedicine. Despite significant advances, challenges related to scalable manufacturing, regulatory requirements, long-term biosafety, and clinical translation remain. Continued progress in nanomaterial engineering and hybrid delivery systems may facilitate the broader clinical application of nanotechnology for effective and individualized treatment of infectious diseases. https://www.atjournal.ir/article_250915.html Cancer remains a significant global health burden, and the limitations of conventional anticancer therapies have driven the development of innovative nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. Challenges including inadequate tumor selectivity, systemic toxicity, multidrug resistance, and insufficient therapeutic efficacy have highlighted the need for more precise treatment strategies. Smart targeted nanoparticles have emerged as promising delivery platforms because they combine selective tumor targeting, controlled drug release, prolonged circulation, and multifunctional therapeutic functions.This review summarizes recent advances in smart nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery for precision oncology. It discusses the fundamental concepts of targeted cancer therapy and examines the major physiological and biological barriers affecting nanoparticle transport, particularly the tumor microenvironment and the limitations of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Additionally, the structural characteristics, biomedical applications, and therapeutic potential of lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, hybrid, and biomimetic nanoparticles are evaluated. Recent progress in passive and active targeting, ligand-, antibody-, peptide-, and aptamer-mediated delivery, stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, and surface engineering strategies designed to improve tumor specificity and therapeutic outcomes is also discussed.In addition, current preclinical and clinical developments, biosafety concerns, regulatory considerations, and challenges associated with large-scale manufacturing and clinical translation are comprehensively evaluated. Finally, emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence-assisted nanoparticle design, theranostic nanoplatforms, RNA therapeutics, gene editing, and personalized nanomedicine, are discussed as future directions for improving the efficacy, safety, and clinical applicability of smart targeted nanoparticles. Collectively, these advances position smart nanomedicine as a transformative strategy for achieving personalized and precision cancer therapy. https://www.atjournal.ir/article_250917.html Engineered regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a promising precision immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases by restoring immune tolerance while limiting broad immunosuppression. As emphasized in the uploaded review, the major therapeutic challenge is Treg instability in inflamed environments, where loss of FoxP3 fidelity can reduce suppressive function and even promote pathogenic behavior. Recent advances in genetic engineering, CAR-Treg design, and synthetic biology are making it possible to generate Tregs with improved antigen specificity, stability, and tissue-targeted activity. Together, these approaches position engineered Tregs as a next-generation adoptive cell therapy with the potential to achieve durable immune regulation in complex autoimmune disorders. https://www.atjournal.ir/article_250918.html Autoimmune disorders are complex conditions that result from a combination of genetic and environmental causes and currently have no recognized therapy. Various therapeutic strategies may be used in various illnesses to promote remission or, at the very least, alleviate the symptoms. For customized therapy to be implemented, it is necessary to identify groups of individuals who are generally similar and share pathogenic signaling pathways. Therefore, research about autoimmune disorders mainly focuses on identifying new biomarkers, uncovering novel targets for therapy and agents, and understanding the processes involved in developing various disorders. We are just at the nascent phase of implementing tailored therapy for autoimmune illnesses. Hence, this research delved into the examination of several autoimmune illnesses and the impact of personalized therapy on their progression.