The incorporation of biomaterials in controlled drug delivery systems has redefined advanced therapeutic modalities through their capability to modulate therapeutic agents with high precision, resulting in improved efficacy and reduced side effects. This survey examines the versatile utility of biomaterials (hydrogels, nanoparticles, and bioactive scaffolds) for advanced therapeutic modalities with a special focus on cellular and molecular responses. We also cover the physicochemical properties, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and responsiveness to environmental triggers, which enable them to function as controlled release systems. Clinical and preclinical research highlights these systems as promising platforms in oncology, regenerative medicine, and gene therapies. Nevertheless, obstacles remain in the areas of scaling production, reproducibility, and meeting regulatory requirements. Next steps include the design of multifunctional biomaterials for co-delivery of multiple therapeutic agents, on-line monitoring of drug release, and incorporation with advanced manufacturing technologies toward clinical translation. Moreover, emerging smart biomaterials integrated with real-time sensing and adaptive release mechanisms offer the potential for dynamic, feedback-controlled therapies. Continued integration of biomaterials with digital health, AI-driven modeling, and precision diagnostics will accelerate their path toward personalized and clinically deployable therapeutic systems.