Air pollution is recognized as a critical global health challenge, contributing to approximately 7 million deaths annually and ranking among the most severe environmental crises confronting humanity. A substantial portion of the global population resides in regions where air pollution levels, driven by emissions from industrial activities, power generation, vehicular traffic, and residential combustion, significantly exceed the World Health Organization’s recommended air quality guidelines. Ambient air pollution has emerged as a pressing global public health issue due to its widespread presence and severe adverse effects on human health, particularly its association with cancer.
Extensive evidence from epidemiological studies, experimental research in laboratory animals, and mechanistic investigations has established a strong link between air pollution—particularly exposure to particulate matter (PM)—and an increased risk of cancer incidence and mortality. Long-term exposure to PM and other air pollutants contributes to oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, and epigenetic modifications, all of which are implicated in carcinogenesis.
In this study, we explore the intricate relationship between air pollution and the occurrence of specific cancers, including lung, bladder, and breast cancer, while also elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive pollution-induced carcinogenesis. By analyzing recent research findings and mechanistic data, we aim to enhance the understanding of how chronic exposure to air pollution contributes to cancer development. Addressing this issue requires global efforts to implement stringent air quality regulations, promote clean energy alternatives, and increase public awareness to mitigate the long-term health impacts of air pollution.